LEARNING THEORY
By
Retna
Rumayanti
Class
A (20110540018)
English
Education Department
University
Muhammadiyah of Yogyakarta
2012/2013
ABSTRACT
Theories of learning based on the learning principles
generated than studies of educational psychologists. This theory is a principle
to educators to understand about how students learn. In addition, the presence
of a thorough knowledge of the theory is expected that educators can connect
with the principles and laws of learning the rules and techniques that will be
used.
There are three theories of learning the theory first
behaviorist. This theory is divided into two classical behavior introduced by
Pavlov and operant conditioning introduced by Skinner. The second is a
cognitive theory, the theory was introduced by Ausubel. And the last is the humanistic
or constructivism theory introduced by Roger.
Of the types described
above will be learning theory in this paper, so that each student knows and
understands each of these learning theories. And students can distinguish each
theory of learning, which is the most effective of them to be used as a way of
learning students according to the circumstances and capabilities.
LEARNING
THEORY
In general, education is an effort made by the process of
educating. The process in order to influence the students to be able to adjust
to the environment that will cause a change in him. Changes in self-learners in
the form of mentoring, teaching, and training. Everyone is entitled to an
appropriate education. So, education is a basic requirement that cannot be
separated from human life.
In
the process of education,
learning is a part and parcel. Learning is a process of behavior change and thought patterns experienced by a person. So learn to have some
learning theories appropriate to be applied in the learning process so that the desired learning
objectives can be achieved with
the maximum.
The
word theory is
very broad, theory can be
interpreted as a series of parts
or variables, definitions
and theorem of interconnected
that presents a systematic
view of phenomena by specifying relationships between variables. Definition of theory according to experts:
Sihes
quoting Stanovich (1992) has given a
definition of the theory, that is:
"... Set of concepts are interrelated, which is used to describe a data and to predict the decision of studies will come ".
"... Set of concepts are interrelated, which is used to describe a data and to predict the decision of studies will come ".
sihes
quoting Cohen, R
defines a theory as a set of universal statements
that there is ties
between each other. He contains definitions and statements that describe the relationship between the two cases considered true. It also contains passages that
describe the rules for forming
a new statement.
The
theory according to Ratna Willis (1988:5) states that "theories imply some
propositions sintatik integrated (i.e. a collection of propositions follow
certain rules that can connect logically with one proposition to another
proposition, and the data observed) and are used to predict and explain the
observed events ".
While
the theory of
learning is part of a series about a learning
process. Learning theories
in educational psychology
give focus to aspects of learning and the ideas and principles specific.
There
are three theories of learning that is:
1. THEORI
BEHAVIORISM
According
to the flow behavior,
the study is an effort to establish the desired behavior
by providing the environment, so there is connection to
the environment by learning
behavior. Behaviorism is an approach that emphasizes the role of thinking in experience
guarding behavior. According to experts behaviorism,
important processes are guarding behavior is
studied. Both, that
is impulse that generates behavior and certain behavior is raised from the
impulse is learned through interaction. The main idea was to
determine the laws or principles of learning
escort.
There are
two types of possible conditioning:
a. Classical conditioning
The
name of the classical Conditioning occurs as
a series of experiments to
train a dog to salivate to follow the sound of the
bells through a procedure in carefully
by Russian psychologist Ivan
Pavlov. According to Pavlov learning process consists of the formation of associations between stimuli
and responses reflective.
Classical
conditioning, where the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in
the case of Pavlov's Dogs. Pavlov was interested in studying reflexes, when he
saw that the dogs drooled without the proper stimulus. Although no food was in
sight, their saliva still dribbled. It turned out that the dogs were reacting
to lab coats. Every time the dogs were served food, the person who served the
food was wearing a lab coat. Therefore, the dogs reacted as if food was on its
way whenever they saw a lab coat. In a series of experiments, Pavlov then tried
to figure out how these phenomena were linked. For example, he struck a bell
when the dogs were fed. If the bell was sounded in close association with their
meal, the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food. After a
while, at the mere sound of the bell, they responded by drooling.
b. Operant
Conditioning
Operant
conditioning that is behavior as a relationship between stimulus (S)
and response (R).
The theory of operant conditioning
was developed by B.F. Skinner and is known as Radical
Behaviorism.
The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the
environment’. Briefly, a behavior may result either in reinforcement, which
increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring, or punishment, which
decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring. It is important to note
that, a punishment is not considered to be applicable if it does not result in
the reduction of the behavior, and so the terms punishment and reinforcement
are determined as a result of the actions. Behaviorists are particularly
interested in measurable changes in behavior. In operant conditioning we learn
to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat
acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.
The
experiment Skinner. Skinner had a box, called a "skinner box",
the box is equipped with a key, tool
buyers of food, food
container, adjustable flame lamps and floor to electricity.
A rat was put in
the box, the mice will certainly try to
find a way out, when he accidentally touched
a button, and
then the food will come out, if
not he will eat meal
schedule. Feeding schedule is also influenced by
the behavior of rats in the
box, gets food or
even punished.
For
example, teachers punishing
students who do not do their homework by standing in front of the class, this will make students more diligent to do homework
or even create emotional
wounds, instilling hatred to the teacher who gave the penalty. Teachers should
sensitize students about the purpose of homework, the
teacher gives the students motivation
to do homework and with affection can be
parents of students during
school.
2. THEORY
KOGNITIVISM
David
Ausubel found that
learning occurs in humans through
a process of meaningful tie event or something
new to the concept of cognitive
or arguments that
already exist. Cognitive theory
of learning according to Ausubel in comprehending the contrasting rote
learning with learning.
Rote
learning is the process of acquiring items separately
with no specific function in building a structure. For example, some students who can pronounce the
formula of the n an arithmetic sequence smoothly,
but he did not
understand the meaning of these
symbols and cannot use it.
As another example, high school students to memorize
formulas final value of compound interest, but was unable to resolve a matter
of determining the ultimate value of compound interest. How to learn to
imitate, as did high school students is an example of rote learning by
Ausubel's statement quoted Bell (1978:132) the following: "..., if the
learner's intention is to Memories it verbatim as a series of arbitrarily
related word, both the learning process and the learning join us must
necessarily be rote and meaningless. This rote learning has many drawbacks,
from the examples above the odds a child will not be able to answer the
question that is more difficult than that because they are not able to relate
new knowledge and the knowledge they already owned. So that meaningful learning
is very important.
Definition meaningful learning is a process associated with
new information on relevant concepts contained in the cognitive structure of
learners. Where the process of learning not just memorize the concepts or
facts, but an activity that links the concepts to produce a thorough
understanding of the concepts that will be studied well understood and not
easily forgotten. For example, a student learning mathematic, he or she have
understood about formula and how use the formula.
In
a book titled "Educational
Psychology: A Cognitive
View" (1968) Ausubel says "the
most important factor affecting student
learning is what is already known
by the student. Believe this and teach him
so. "Ausubel statement is exactly the core of learning
theory. Thus, meaningful
learning to occur, new concepts or new
information must be associated with
concepts that already exist in
the student's cognitive structure.
According to Ausubel three goodness of
meaningful learning, that is: information learned
significantly longer able to remember information
learned significantly facilitates subsequent learning
process for a similar subject matter and information
learned significantly easier to learn things that
are similar despite going to forget .
3. THEORY
KONSTRUKTIVISM OR HUMANISTIC
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers belong
to the key figure of humanism. The main objective of humanism can be described
as the development of human self-actualization. In humanism, learning is a
learner-centered process and personalized, and the educator's role is as a
facilitator.
Affective and cognitive needs is
key, and its goal is to build a human being can actualize themselves in a
cooperative and supportive environment. He also explained that the essence of
every human being is unique, individual potential and internal impetus to
develop and determine behavior. Because
it in relation then every man is free and has a tendency to grow and
achieve self-actualization. For example, the teacher only as a facilitator,
mediator and friends who make a comfortable situation for students. And educate
participants who actively accommodate new knowledge.
Constructivism explains why students
do not learn deeply by listening to a teacher, or reading from a workbook.
Learning sciences research is informative the deeper original basis of how
knowledge structure works. To design effective environments, one needs a very
good understanding of what children know when they come to the classroom.
Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner
aggressively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon present and
past knowledge or experience. In other words, learning involves constructing
one's own knowledge from one's own experiences. Constructivist learning, then,
is a very personal attempt, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and universal
principles may as a result be applied in a practical real-world context. Constructivism itself has many
variations, such as Active learning, discovery
learning, and knowledge
building. Despite
of the variety, constructivism promotes a student's free exploration within a
given framework or structure. The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages
students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by
working to solve realistic problems. Aspects of constructivism can be found in
self-directed learning, transformational learning, and experiential learning.
CONCLUSION
Learning theory is basic knowledge that should be owned by
all educators and prospective educators to deliver effective and efficient
learning to the learners. By mastering these learning theory, then the theory
educators to make the selection that will be used and who will be in accordance
with the conditions of the students.
There
are three theories of learning that is behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivisms
have different views. Behaviorism
is an approach
that emphasizes the role of thinking in experience
guarding behavior. According to Ausubel Cognitive
theory of learning in
comprehending the contrasting
rote learning with
learning. Constructivism explains why students do not learn deeply by
listening to a teacher, or reading from a workbook.
In my opinion, every theory has
advantages or disadvantages, although not I describe in this paper. Each
student must have one of the theories of learning that suits their ability to
produce optimal results.
REFERENCE
http://thohir.sunan-ampel.ac.id/2012/04/19/operant-conditioning-b-f-skinner/ http://blog.tp.ac.id/teori-humanistik
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